Zimmer and Peacock understand that a bare sensors sensor system only really becomes useful when increased functionality is added to the sensor.

The first functionality is to formulate and deposit electrode coating that gives the sensors specificity. Zimmer and Peacock can functionalize their standard sensors with enzymes, proteins, antibodies, ionophores, DNA etc to give them the desired chemical  or biological specificity.

The next step is then how to get the sample to the sensor in a reproducible manner, depending on the application this can be done in a number of ways, including:

1) Capillary filled sensors.

2) Sensors within cartridges/microfluidic channels.

3) Sample dropped/pipetted onto the sensors.