Zimmer and Peacock's sensors and sensor reader technology can be used in developing Sandwhich Electrochemical Immunoassays.

Firstly the Zimmer and Peacock bare gold sensors can have their surfaces biochemically modified to give them specificity towards antigens.

In the adjacent image the gold surface is initially  modified by MPA (3-mercaptopropionic acid) which forms a SAM (self-assembled monolyaer), subsequently the carboxylic acids of the SAM layer are coupled to the capture antibody through an EDC and NHS coupling (1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide and N-hydroxysulfoxuccinimide).

Having modified the gold surface the biosensors can be sent out to a clinical setting.

In the clinical setting a clinician/technician applies the biological sample along with a detection antibody and subsequently an electrochemical signal is generated in proportion to the antigens within the biological sample.